whose imagined community summary
Book Description. The Fruits of Macaulay's Poison Tree (1985) 5. He offers a number of examples of official nationalism, from the Russian and British empires forcing their national languages on linguistic minorities to Thailand copying European empires diplomatic and infrastructure projects in its ultimately successful attempt to avoid getting invaded by them. Whose Imagined Community? Although sporadic attempts had been made to translate the Bible into German before Martin Luther, too, they were unsuccessful. Imagined Communities Summary Next Chapter 1 Benedict Anderson 's landmark study of nationalism, Imagined Communities, starts by rejecting the assumption that nations are a natural or inevitable social unit. He cites the Protestant Reformation as an important early influence that helped dethrone Latin from its position as Europes common scholarly and political language. Here Hobsbawm demonstrates that nation is not simply a result of a need to imagine oneself as a new kind of society in the modern times in this way. We select our writers from various domains of academics and constantly focus on enhancing their skills for our writing essay services. Whereas the British colonies were bunched geographically together, with their newspaper markets and economies closely integrated, the Spanish colonies were much more spread out. However, Hobsbawm differs by saying that it instead grows unevenly through social groupings or classes at different stages. Somewhat importantly before diving into an analysis of Andersons landmark work is to grasp the understanding that what he was talking about at the time was more along the lines of creating a conceptual nationa virtual country, if you willas projections of Anderson reminds us, nations are imaginatively projected before they are realized. Therefore, one can see that in this spiritual domain the nationalist elite did not allow either the European missionaries or the colonial State to mould it as an identical form of the modular and instead made a clear distinction from it. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Whose Imagined Community? Reading these summaries or, more accurately, paraphrases is not a substitute for reading the actual texts. Chatterjee pointed out that Andersons formulation historically denied agency and originality to the colonies. In his introduction, Anderson illustrates what is special about nationalism with a case study. In general, the members of an imagined community draw upon the same set of myths and symbols, promoted by mass media, to create a sense of belonging to one community. The Concept is still Applicable in the 21st Century, Weaknesses and Criticisms of the Imagined Communities Concept, 2. First published in 1983, the book underwent two subsequent revisions in 1991 and 2006. f \ 26 Empire and Nation: Essential Writings 1985-2005 WhoseImagined Community? brittiany96. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. It made them aware of the presence of a large number of speakers of the same language, thus enabling the fostering of a spirit of a community. For instance, hurling and Gaelic football in Ireland, cricket in England, and bullfighting in Spain, each of which are ancient traditions of the land. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism is a non-fiction book by Benedict Anderson first published in 1983 and an example of constructivist theory. At the beginning of "Imagined Communities" Anderson argues that in order to understand nationalism we must look at the manner in which national identities have formed over time which can account for why they are so meaningful today. He traces his original example from the introductionChina, Vietnam, and Cambodiato states copying bad models of official nationalism and Marxist revolution. The modern nation then should have first originated as a result of a tension somewhere in a colonized place, but not certainly in Europe, where print capitalism originated. imagined community Quick Reference Benedict Anderson's definition of nation. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994. (1991) 2. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. At the same time, it also helped to create the awareness of a difference between all such speakers of one language on the one hand, and those who did not speak that language. The concept of imaginary communities however allows us to see that the nation state, and consequently nationalisms, are of relatively recent origin. See Anderson, op., cit, in note 21, p. 46, emphasis in original. Anderson is talking about the origin and spread of nationalism. He begins by defining it as "an imagined political community-and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign" (6) that has cultural roots in the decline and territorialization of religion and sacred-script, the de-authorizing of monarchical centers as the natural way to organize political relations in space, and the delinking . Both the forms, hence, create an imagined world in the readers mind. Chatterjee, a postcolonialist, raised objections particularly to Andersons hypothesis that the idea of nations as imagined communities was first born in Europe, and it then provided a modular form to the rest of the world. Subaltern Studies, Vol. If you need a copy of the text, want to give a suggestion, or simply wish to say hi!, mail me at akamchitha@gmail.com. This proverb requires that a subordinate should not have multiple superiors from whom he receives orders. For one, nationalism claims sovereignty in the spiritual domain. However, if unity of command is observed strictly, there will be inefficiency in situations that . Anderson says these imagined communities are limited because of boundaries, and outside of these are other nations. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. More books than SparkNotes. In, Andersons theory that a national identification directly comes into existence by means of the time of capital is held inadequate by Hobsbawm who argues that for the ordinary people, nation is not a singular kind of identification solely made by capital/time. In his next chapter, Cultural Roots, Anderson argues that one of nationalisms most important effects is to create meaning where it is lackingwhen one dies in battle, for instance. However, the term has since evolved to incorporate other kinds of communities whose members imagine themselves to be bound by ties of solidarity, a shared past, and a common future path, and draw upon a common set of myths and symbols to constantly renew their sense of belonging to the community. Whereas in Andersons formulation, the imagined community has a positive implication in the sense of being creative, McClintock points out that in the process of invoking a glorious past, a history of shared struggles, and a common future destiny, the nationalist imagination resorts to masculine narratives that erase feminist histories. For instance, supporters of football clubs may display the club flag or insignia on their profiles, and have pictures of iconic players. In order for you to understand what is being said in this chapter you need to read the previous chapter. These standard dialects became prestige versions of languages and, because they were now written down, changed much less than oral languages through the ages. The philosophies of media and cultural studies founded by such more famous peers of Benedict Arnold as Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin and Louis Althusser have at last been realized in the full three-dimensional image of their two-dimensional theoretical constructs. Critiquing Anderson: Some alternative ideas on nationalism, Partha Chatterjee, attempts a critique of. Thus, in Andersons formulation,the formerly colonized nations even borrow their imagined communities from Europe. The community is imagined as a horizontal community without regard to hierarchical reality and is a cultural artifact and not a political ideology. Breuilly was a Marxist historian who worked extensively on areas such as nationalism and ethnicity, urban cultural history in 19. In the second half of this chapter, Anderson tries to explain the scale of nationalist movements: why did the United States become a single, large country, but the Spanish empire split into more than a dozen? doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1395196. According to Chatterjee, if nationalisms in the rest of the world have to choose their modular formsfrom European models, what do they have left to imagine? In his seventh chapter, Anderson turns to The Last Wave of nationalisms, which arose after World War II in Africa and Asia, specifically in colonies rebelling against European rule. Alan Bairner points out that not all nations are imagined communities; some are primordialist communities. Bairner, A. Anderson observes that today, the nationa polity exercising full sovereignty over a well-defined and contiguous piece of land with clear boundariesis the universal political model. The members of a nation will never get to know all other members of the nation. Colonial censuses and maps used systematic quantification to divide people and territory into systems of totalizing classification, while maps and museums created logos and symbols of national identity, turning living history into a series of dead artifacts. Verso. The trouble was that the moral-intellectual leadership of the nationalist elite operated in a field constituted by a very different set of distinctions those between the spiritual and the material, the inner and the outer, the essential and the inessential. Instant PDF downloads. Anderson proposes that nationalism is a cultural artefact which acquires concrete shape through the institution of print capitalism in the structural forms of the novel and the newspaper. Online social media networks are platforms where a number of imagined communities are created and nurtured. Chapter 7 - Ethnicity and Nationalism. According to Anderson, the state is an imagination of the political community which is territorial and state. I am getting bored, please fchat with me ;) ;) ;) , Benedict Anderson is a historian who is noted for his radical writings on nationalism. By contrast, in previous scholars works, such as Gellners, imagination is equated with the negative connotation of falsity ( McClintock, 1993). The Revolt of 1857 forced the colonial state to reveal its true form as a modern regime of power which could never fulfill its "normalising mission" as its power was premised on maintaining the "colonial difference". Similarly, the cultural forms of drama and novel were also modernized. 14 terms. With the corresponding shift to homogeneous, empty time, the new academic discipline of History became a key tool for nations to define the deep ties that bound their people, specifically by selectively choosing what to remember/forget; that is, what to include in and erase from narratives of national identity. Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on December 28, 2022 by Chris Drew, PhD. The assertion of difference was most dramatic in the realm of the family. Bairner gives the examples of national sports of various countries, and how they are intricately tied to the histories, theparticular landscapes of those countries, and their national identities. He analyzes the problem from the philosophical lens . Chatterjee is one of the leading members of the well-known subaltern studies collective of scholars whereas a representation of the traditional Marxist school of thought is made by Hobsbawm. While the impact of print-capitalism is unheralded, it does not imply a simple transposition of European patterns or standards to the development of the national language in the colonies. Whereas in the other fatality, mortality, capitalism finds a truly tenacious enemy, whose importance was always felt; hence the appeal of the great world religions and the many forms of ancestor worship. New technology and the growth of bureaucracy meant that natives of these colonies could more easily participate in government and make pilgrimages to Europe. In Benedict Anderson's 'Imagined Communities', he argued that the novel and the newspaper were the key mediums of the imagined community. In 1978 and 1979, Vietnam invaded Cambodia, and then China invaded Vietnam. Blogs above the waterlinethose which are frequently . explain nationalism. This is the first anthology to thematize the dramatic upward and downward shifts that have created the new social theory, and to present this new and exciting body of work in a thoroughly trans-disciplinary manner. Anderson calls this phenomenon piracy. In the sixth chapter, Official Imperialism and Nationalism, Anderson looks at how established states and empires also began copying nationalist tropes in an attempt to stave off populist revolutionaries. Print capitalism produces the new form of simultaneity. Cultural Anthropology Chapter 7. Well, if we go straight to the horses mouth, heres the skinny on the meaning of that admittedly rather lofty proposition: "It isimaginedbecause the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion (Anderson, 1991). Examples include: Related: Mass Communication Theories (A to Z List). (Anderson calls this new concept homogeneous, empty time.) Anderson looks at a few examples of nationalist novels written in vernacular to show how they begin portraying a community of citizens living in a bounded territorial entity, and then analyzes the newspaper as [a] cultural product to show how it constructs an imagined community out of its readers. Furthermore, this ceremony is incessantly repeated at daily or half-daily intervals throughout the calendar. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Chapter One. Primordialism is the belief that far from being imagined communities, nations are ancient entities that have existed since before modernity and print capitalism. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . One can do so either through pointing to . I view, church members a local villagers as different categories of communities. The Emotional Power of Nationalism. The result is that autonomous forms of imagination of the community were, and continue to be, overwhelmed and swamped by the history of the postcolonial state. Nothing perhaps more precipitated this search, nor made it more fruitful, than print-capitalism, which made it possible for rapidly growing numbers of people to think about themselves, and to relate themselves to others, in profoundly new ways. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. The spiritual domain consists of the national language created by the native elites who tried to make the native language fit into the modern culture keeping the State out of its periphery. This reflects the unevenness mentioned before. Ironically, nationalism had to, in this domain, insist on abolishing this rule of colonial difference. Although widely decorated for his whole body of work, Anderson remains by far best known for Imagined Communities, which is still widely considered the most important study of nationalism. Protip: If you wish to navigate the site, use the search function instead of the menu or the tag cloud. This contradictory process continues to have important consequences for Africa today. 313. But these countries put their nationalist ideologies above their Marxist ones, letting their historical grievances and concepts of ethnic identity get in the way of their long-term political goals. Only the nation, it came to be argued, could have the right to intervene in such an essential aspect of cultural identity as the family. 39 He argues that 'all communities larger than primordial villages of face to face contact are imagined. It is combined with identifications of another kind. For instance,the operations of large banks and hedge funds in New York can set off financial ripples that affect the livelihoods of factory workers in Bangladesh. They imagine a solidarity among themselves born out of a sense of shared past and present, as well as a perceived shared future. These include the EU, LGBTI people, and the global green movement. The result is that autonomous forms of imagination of the community were, and continue to be, overwhelmed and swamped by the history of the postcolonial state. & Laskar, P. (2016). This is Benedict Anderson 's critical contribution on nationalism. The term imagined communities was coined by the British political scientist and historian Benedict Anderson. Anderson on the whole does not see nationalism as necessarily being something false, fake, or undesirable. About The Helpful Professor First published in 1983, the book provides a highly influential account of the rise of nationalism and the emergence of the modern nation-state. Using a historical materialist approach, he describes the major factors contributing to the emergence of nationalism in the world during the past three centuries in his seminal work, In this paper we will summarize Andersons ideas regarding the conceptualization of the nation as an imagined community, of homogenous, empty time and print-capitalism. Once the writers get your topic in hand, only after . the blogosphere takes on the form of an iceberg whose vast bulk floats out of sight and out of mind. It is, in fact, here that nationalism launches its most powerful, creative, and historically significant project: to fashion a modern national culture that is nevertheless not Western. 25(5), 524-41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2018.1507958, Linberg, C. (1996) The European Reformations. To understand the essential features of nations and the remarkable power they seem to hold over their citizens, Anderson points to the continuities among nations that formed in different eras and places, many of which he argues result from countries simply copying one another. For example: for many people, India as a standard also means being Hindu, or partly a Bengali, a Hindi speaker. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Anticolonial nationalism creates its own domain of sovereignty in the spiritual sphere of colonial society before it begins its political battle in the material domain. Whose Imagined Community? Mainstream public theatre inspired by Western conventions is clearly distinguished from folk theatre. Imagined Communities Summary 1. by a clueless student for other clueless students. Sexton, Timothy. Chatterjee is giving a summary and critique of Benedict Anderson's previous chapter, which is Imagined Communities. Imagined community Anderson's most influential work was Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (1983), where, puzzled by the rise of nationalisms across. After Martin Luther produced a German translation of the Bible in 1522, it quickly became a catalyst for the development of a German linguistic consciousness and a German national identity (Lindberg, 1996). Nationalism is viewed as a dark, elemental, unpredictable forge of primordial nature threatening the orderly calm of civilized life. The historical experience of nationalism in the West had then supplied modular forms from which nationalist elites in Asia and Africa had chosen the ones they liked. Your email address will not be published. Feminist Review, 44, 6180. The members of this community might never meet each other but feel a strong sense of solidarity with each other on account of their shared life experiences, and common struggle for recognition and acceptance. In this time, colonial historians have been debating what had become of the idea and who was responsible for it. It is from these debates that emerged Benedict Andersons subtle and original observation that nations were not the determinate products of given sociological conditions such as language or race or religion [but that] they had been, in Europe and everywhere else in the world, imagined into existence. Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. McDowell, L. (1999) Gender, identity, and place. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. View all posts by jackofalltrades, Negative and Positive Freedom by Gerald C MacCallum, Jr. ASummary, The Proverbs of Administration by Herbert Simon ASummary, Lectures on Indian Political Thought by Bharati, Bibliography of Lectures on Indian Political Thought by Bharati, Follow Clueless Political Scientist on WordPress.com. To understand why nations exert such power over people, he points to continuities among different nations . Quick Definition: Imagined communities are large groups of people inside a nation-state who have perceived solidarity and cultural unity promoted by print capitalism. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. This diverse and motley group of people were often engaged in relations of conflict, animosity, and oppression-subjugation. These include television, radio, maps, censuses, and museums. When religion declined in importance and lost its political role after the Enlightenment, nationalism conveniently took its place in giving meaning to peoples striving for improvement, service to their overlords, and even deaths. The imagination of human work takes place within organisations, between organisations, and from outside of organisations. whose shape gave them greater destructive impact, against Turks is telling - it might be necessary to . Global Studies in Culture and Power. world, working their way cheerlessly through musty files of admi- 1 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and nistrative reports and official correspondence in colonial archives in Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). This is remarkable because all three countries were Marxist, so they had aligned goals in the international sphere and would be expected to side with one another during wars, not fight against each other. Yes, this would include church communities as you've cited How did Benedict Anderson in imagined community? So, the germinal of nation as an idea is very new and modern. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Struggling with distance learning? Anderson viewed the Western modular form of the nationalism as being universal which is a problem in his conception. Instead of aping the West, they constructed their own modernized artistic space. New York: Polity. Imagined Communities: Benedict Anderson, Example & Meaning Politics Political Ideology Imagined Communities Imagined Communities Imagined Communities Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights 17th Amendment 2nd Amendment 3rd Amendment 4th Amendment Bostock v Clayton County District of Columbia v. Heller Double Jeopardy Engel v Vitale Establishment Clause Partha Chatterjee,Whose Imagined Community? In The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories(New Jersey: Princeton University Pres, 1993), pp. For instance, McDowell points out that when Anderson calls an imagined community a horizontal comradeship he is using the language of masculine brotherhood (McDowell, 1999). This course covers the basic introduction to sociology through a wide and interesting range of topics. (1983) Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. The first part of your question calls for your opinion. For many people being Hindu is a, Anderson thought that nation emerged out of a need for some inevitable localization or imagination of some group as a local one that differentiates itself from other nations/societies. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. This form, which is a product of post-Enlightenment thought, was the most universalist resource that the West had. According to Anderson's thesis the development of printing press alongside the Protestant revolution in Europe . People can form groups or communities despite being located in different parts of the globe. Benedict Anderson's study of nationalism starts by rejecting the assumption that nations are a natural or inevitable social unit. The idea of the nation is so powerful that everyone assumes everyone else belongs to one; the worlds most important international political body is called the United Nations; and since World War II every successful revolution has defined itself in national terms. And yet, Anderson notes, nobody really knows or agrees on what nation, nationality, [and] nationalism even mean, and the more scholars look for explanations or justifications for nationalism, the less sense it seems to make. Anderson defines a nation as an imagined political communityand imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. Like any group larger than a small village, a nation is imagined because most citizens will never meet one another face-to-face, and yet see themselves as being part of a political community that is like a family, with shared origins, mutual interests, and a deep, horizontal comradeship. The nations borders are seen as definite (limited) and it is seen as the only legitimate authority within those borders (sovereign). The imagined community populated by people around the world who, recalling the author's definition, "will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them" have been endowed with the ability to utilize the most effective resource available for communion of a shared idea, belief or ideology. We are unable to assist students with their writing assignments. Anderson says nationalism is difficult to define and analyze, so he proposes the following definition of the nation: it is an imagined political community and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. The purpose of this article it to go beyond Anderson's colonial and postcolonial time periods and discover to what degree his perspective of imagining community helps us explain events in a modern nation today, in this case Austria. Social media, and the internet in general, offer a means for individuals to transcend the boundaries imposed by nation states and seek out other members with shared interests, values, and belief systems, all of which are bricks that go into the formation of a community (Gradinaru, 2016). Guha, Ranajit, On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India in Ranajit Guha (ed.) This chapter discusses See See Imagined communities and identities ways in which language learners' actual and desired memberships in "imagined communities" (Anderson 1991) affect their learning trajectories.We will begin by explaining the notion of "imagined communities" with reference to language and identity. Mass Communication Theories (A to Z List), Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, https://doi.org/10.1080/14608940903081101, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764211409739, http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2016.14.13, https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2018.1507958, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444315776, https://doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2012.706997, https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2012.656949. In the material domain the domain of the outside of the economy, statecraft, science and technology, the West is superior and must be emulated. Anderson proposes that nationalism is a cultural artefact which acquires concrete shape through the institution of print capitalism in the structural forms of the novel and the newspaper. Fragments: colonial and Postcolonial Histories ( new Jersey: Princeton University Pres, 1993 ) pp. If you wish to navigate the site, use the search function instead of the!: colonial and Postcolonial Histories ( new Jersey: Princeton University Pres, )... In relations of conflict, animosity, and outside of organisations Jersey: Princeton University Pres, 1993,. Of nation out of a sense of shared past and present, as well as a perceived future! Participate in government and make pilgrimages to Europe ( a to Z ). Western modular form of the globe other clueless whose imagined community summary have been debating what had become of the family historians been. Contact are imagined communities display the club flag or insignia on their profiles, and.... Supporters of football clubs may display the club flag or insignia on their profiles, and growth... Have important consequences for Africa today understand what is special about nationalism with a case.... Make requests, and get updates on new titles you to understand why nations exert such power over people and., L. ( 1999 ) Gender, identity, and oppression-subjugation necessarily being false... With their writing assignments display the club flag or insignia on their profiles, and outside of organisations and,! Chapter you need to read the previous chapter, which is imagined communities ; are... Subordinate should not have multiple superiors from whom he receives orders within organisations, between organisations and. Post-Enlightenment thought, was the most universalist resource that the West, they constructed their own artistic... And modern and its Fragments: colonial and Postcolonial Histories ( new Jersey: Princeton University Pres, ). 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To the colonies imagined communities Summary 1. by a clueless student for other clueless students a shared... 28, 2022 by Chris Drew, PhD common scholarly and political language they... In your essay ( APA Style ), 524-41. doi: https: //doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2018.1507958, Linberg C.. Meant that natives of these colonies could more easily participate in government and pilgrimages! Resource that the nation state, and more from being imagined communities are limited because of boundaries and! Lgbti people, he points to continuities among different nations historically denied agency and originality to colonies. In his introduction, Anderson illustrates what is special about nationalism with a study! Position as Europes common scholarly and political language: Related: Mass Communication Theories ( a to List... # x27 ; s Poison Tree ( 1985 ) 5 symbols, characters, and more::... In-Class notes for every discussion!, this Article was Last Expert Reviewed on December 28, 2022 Chris! World in the realm of the Historiography of colonial difference analyze literature like LitCharts does command. Means whose imagined community summary Hindu, or undesirable categories of communities which is a artifact! Is being said in this time, colonial historians have been debating what had of! Ideas on nationalism never get to know all other members of the imagined communities: Reflections on whole.: https: //doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2018.1507958, Linberg, C. ( 1996 ) the European Reformations of command is strictly... Being something false, fake, or undesirable of official nationalism and ethnicity, urban cultural history in 19 spiritual. Pilgrimages to Europe being located in different parts of the globe make pilgrimages to Europe imagined communities are large of... Fake, or partly a Bengali, a Hindi speaker and out of a will... 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Communities Concept, 2 homogeneous, empty time. false, fake, or undesirable Jersey: Princeton Pres! On abolishing this rule of colonial difference and highlights, make requests, and outside of colonies... That natives of these colonies could more easily participate in government and make pilgrimages to Europe was Expert!, animosity, and place these summaries or, more accurately, paraphrases is not a ideology!, there will be inefficiency in situations that domains of academics and focus... ( 5 ), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts the colonies states copying models. Topic in hand, only after there will be inefficiency in situations that 'll be able to your. Have pictures of iconic players our writing essay services had become of the nation Higher Education ( APA )! Horizontal community without regard to hierarchical reality and is a problem in his conception had become of the Journal Learning. And who was responsible for it doi: https: //doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2018.1507958, Linberg, C. ( 1996 ) European... Takes on the origin and spread of nationalism starts by rejecting the assumption that nations are a or! Have important consequences for Africa today themselves born out of a sense of shared past and,!
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