why did soldiers kill elephants in mozambique

Poachers killed at least 132 last year, and as of this June, rangers had discovered another 42 carcasses with bullet holes, more than 30 attributed to a single Sudanese poaching expeditiona combined loss amounting to more than 10 percent of the parks entire population of elephants, estimated now to be no more than about 1,500. Turkalo is now part of an extraordinary operation to protect the surviving forest elephants. The last time an elephant was recorded killed by a poacher in Mozambique's Niassa Reserve was May 17, 2018, according to the Wildlife Conservation Society, a New York -based nonprofit that helps the Mozambican government manage the national reserve. A booming Chinese middle class with an insatiable taste for ivory, crippling poverty in Africa, weak and corrupt law enforcement, and more ways than ever to kill an elephant have created a perfect storm. Then, like a bobber in a fishing hole, a nibble. But Onen got his way. MCCAMMON: Around 90% of the elephants there were killed, but many female elephants without tusks survived and thrived. Mozambique's elephants declined from an estimated 20,000 to 10,300 during the same period. Can fake tusks with hidden GPS trackers thwartthem? Kiev's troops have big Nazi problem - ex-US soldier who escaped Ukraine; DESTRUCTION OF OUR CULTURE HAS SUCCEEDED; Most Ukrainian Soldiers On Bakhmut Front-Line Killed 'Within 4 Hours' URGENT: mRNAs jabs may have caused tens of millions of serious new health problems worldwide, a huge peer-reviewed study shows Subscribe to News from Science for full access to breaking news and analysis on research and science policy. Written in Acholi, it details Konys order for a hundred elephant tusks. AUDIO: Justin O'Neill. Tongo Tongo shot two elephants one day, she says. This pushed the species to the brink of extinction. When in 2008 the Wildlife Conservation Society introduced a surveillance airplane, poaching declined, but Sudanese marauders adapted, returning in hit squads of under six men, who infiltrated from outside the park on one-day hunts. Five of the worlds least stable nations, as ranked by the Washington, D.C.-based organization the Fund for Peace, are home to people who travel to other countries to kill elephants. No one has. All rights reserved. The White Elephant symbolizes distinctive things for both the man and Jig. Without the stress of poaching, the elephants started breeding again, and more than 40 calves have been born. So if a tuskless mom had babies CAMPBELL-STATON: She has a 50% chance of passing the trait on to her offspring. Otti liked elephants, Onen recalled, and forbade their killing. On some days more then 100 elephants at at a time visit the clearing. According to CITES Secretary-General John Scanlon, Sudan does not appear on these lists because CITES sets priorities based mainly on ivory seizures, and there have been few ivory seizures linked to Sudan in recent years. The Ugandan military finally attacked Konys Garamba camps in late 2008. Konys response was immediate and savage. All around me I hear the click-clack of automatic weapons being loaded. We meet over Skype. She looks at the floor while her friends whisper to each other, smile radiantly, and nibble on cookies weve brought for them. Researchers in Mozambique found a . Katy Payne/The Elephant Listening Project Although the adaptation comes with a pricean associated genetic mutation kills male elephants before theyre bornthe emerging trait may have helped save the population. Halfway through our patrol, we come upon a clearing of burned grass beside the Kassi River, the site of a recent battle between Garamba rangers and SPLA poachers, in which, rangers tell me, they killed two poachers. It was just after 4 a.m. on Heban hill, in Chad, 80 miles from the Sudanese border and 60 miles northeast of Zakouma National Park, home to the countrys largest remaining elephant herd, 450 animals. Katy Payne/The Elephant Listening Project, Former Commando Turns Conservationist To Save Elephants Of Dzanga Bai. The poachers opened fire, killing five rangers. One moves north toward Heban, the other west toward centralChad. Researchers at the bai learned to identify individual elephants by the shape and characteristics of their ears. Forest elephants linger on a misty morning at the Dzanga bai. Its easier to live with things, she says. A study in Gorongosa revealed that while male elephants did have tusks but almost 50% of female elephants above the age of 20 did not. Among the recent casualties was a group of rare forest elephants in the Central African Republic. CORNISH: Campbell-Staton had heard all of this before. It is believed they do this either to cool themselves off or as a reaction to the annoyance of parasites of the skin. To identify the elephants, Turkalo learned to draw the animals' ears each ear's shape and markings are unique to each individual. Now it was rare to see 250 in aherd. "I don't know which ones they killed," she replies. During the civil war in Mozambique, soldiers killed elephants with tusks in order to sell the ivory, so fewer elephants with tusks survived. CORNISH: Consequences that are still continuing nearly 30 years after the war. Using Kermeens technology, he could adjust how many times a day they tried to communicate with a satellite via the Internet. Its rare that you get such a dramatic example, says co-author Robert Pringle, an ecologist at Princeton. They set up camp and in a four-month rampage killed up to 650 elephants. On the 15th day after they began to move, they cross into South Sudan and from there make their way into the Kafia Kingi enclave, a disputed territory in Darfur controlled bySudan. National Geographic commissioned the creation of artificial tusks with hidden GPS trackers that were planted in the smuggling supplychain. The men of the Hippotrague unit assumed that after the previous teams raid, the poachers had all fled home. Im a problem solver., I laugh. "There's such a blizzard of depressing news about biodiversity and humans in the environment and I think it's important to emphasise that there are some bright spots in that picture. We were expecting to find an amazing new world of sound to record, and the experience lived up to its reputation the insects, the tropical downpours, and of course the cacophony of the elephants themselves. 4. Calculate the percentages of the illegally killed elephants between 2007 and 2013 represented by each group of elephants in Question 3. Weve heard he went to Seleka, Idriss Adoums son Issa tells me, referring to the violent rebel coalition that overthrew the CAR government on March 24, 2013. Im not an animal lover, he snaps. Turkalo's pretty famous in the world of elephant research, as one of the first to study forest elephants. After three weeks the tusks turn north again, back into Sudan. Onen is short and looks even smaller wearing a camouflage-patterned Ugandan army uniform thats too long for him in the sleeves. Elephant tusks are elongated incisors. Or will they go nowhere, discovered before theyre moved and turned in by an honest person? Having worked extensively throughout central Africa, Froment transferred to Garamba in early 2014 after rangers discovered dozens of elephant carcasses in the park. All of central Africa is a hand grenade, its pin pulled by a history of resource exploitation from abroad, dictatorships, and poverty. Soldiers Kill Wild Elephant. The air strike, dubbed Operation Lightning Thunder, included support from the DRC, southern Sudan, and the U.S. They can get what they want today, he said, and keep it there for two, three, or even more than five years.. The elephants coat themselves in red clay. Such genes ought to disappear, Roca says, because females that lack them would have more offspring. Ivory poachers are killing some 22,000 African elephants a year. In June three more Garamba-based officers were killed. World Elephant Day: Ten reasons we love elephants, Elephants counted from space for conservation project. It hadnt explodedyet. In Songo the tusks are held for three days in what looks like a clearing outside town. 2023 American Association for the Advancement of Science. "They were terrified. Elephant slaughter increased in the 1950s, where it is estimated that 250 elephants were killed per day. Learn more about the Explorer series. Zakoumas Mamba Team 1 antipoaching unit includes driver Issa Adoum (brown shirt). But Turkalo decided not to leave the region right away. I just can't understand why anyone would want to take away any of the amazing qualities and features of an elephant. Sudanese and Chadian poachers were likewise implicated in the 2013 butchering of nearly 90 elephantsincluding 33 pregnant females as well as newborn calvesnear Tikem, Chad, not far from Bouba Ndjidah. for their tusks. Rangers practice their riding skills at Zakouma National Park, in Chad. Turkalo clearly would rather be back in Africa than in a coffee house in Rhode Island. A welcome sight returns to Zakouma: babies. CORNISH: So he made some calls and assembled a team. Fifty percent of her sons will be tusked, but that other 50% would die. Arent you interested in peace talks?. He designed a GPS tracker that the U.S. Geological Survey embedded in live Burmese pythons to monitor the invasive snakes in the Florida Everglades. In this scene from the documentary Explorer: Warlords of Ivory, Bryan Christy presents world-renowned taxidermist George Dante with a new challenge: creating a completely convincing fake elephant tusk. Around us stroll Ugandan army soldiers, who make up the entire African Union contingent based in Obo and are committed to finding and killing Kony. She had gone to Africa to do aid work, but was drawn to the intricate lives of these elephants. It's run by a band of men who, if not exactly soldiers-of-fortune, certainly are trained warriors. This project was made possible by a grant from The WoodtigerFund. It was used to make combs, pool balls, knick-knacks, and even piano keys. The relatives of murdered Zakouma ranger Idriss Adoum tracked one of the alleged Heban hill poachers to Sudan and arranged to have him brought back to Chad to stand trial. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. To gain more troops it recruited civilians into its armyincluding child soldersafter mass abductions. Inside the fake tusk, I want him to embed a custom-made GPS and satellite-based tracking system. They say the more elephants they kill, the more ivory they get.. Meanwhile, according to Onen, Konys men hid ivory by burying it in the ground or submerging it in rivers. The cook, Djimet Said (opposite), was shot but survived, walking 11 miles to the nearest village for help. Its another example of the imprint of [human] effect on nature, says wildlife ecologist George Wittemyer of Colorado State University, who was not involved in the research. I will escape from your jail, and I will kill him. He did escape, and a rumor in Zakouma is that he fled south to CAR. ", They were the Seleka the Muslim rebels who had overthrown the national government in the spring of 2013. Get more great content like this delivered right to you! ", Turkalo says she walked up to the man in charge and saw he had an AK-47 assault rifle. National Geographic television producer J.J.Kelley takes the floor in the waiting area. I unzip my suitcase to expose two fake tusks and hand him letters from the U.S. His control is absolute.. RESEARCH: Heidi Schultz, Brad Scriber. I spend a night in police custody, where Im given a desk to sleep on. He and his colleagues analyzed videos, taken before the civil war, of elephants in the park. Geli Oh, 16, spent longer with Konys army than her two friendstwo and a half terrible years. Kermeen started in the radio-tracking business when he was 15 and has since built electronic trackers and collars for wildlife from Andean bears to California condors to Tasmanian devils. She and other scientists also recorded their calls. So did the African Union military forces, whose CAR-based men in Obo are tasked with finding Kony. But instead, that morning the poachers were hiding among trees surrounding the rangers camp. When Ele, a female elephant, died, other elephants approached one-by-one and touched their trunks to the body. I know which house theyre in: Using Google Earth, I see its light-blue roof on my screen. Was it genetically inherited at all? He was 22 years old the night in 1998 that Konys soldiers raided his village in Gulu, Uganda, and pulled him from his bed. From Garamba, Kony signaled his desire for peace with Uganda, sending emissaries to neutral Juba, in southern Sudan, to negotiate with Ugandan officials while he and his men lived unmolested in and around the park, protected by a cease-fire agreement. c. percentage of elephants killed for . Ongwen said Konys plan is to obtain as much ivory as possible for his future survival should he not be able to overthrow the government of Uganda.. In March 2006 he fled for the DRC and set up camp in Garamba National Park, then home to some 4,000 elephants. CORNISH: That's Fanie Pelletier, a wildlife biologist in Canada who wasn't involved in the work. We ask if she recognized any of the elephants in the photos taken of their carcasses after the poachers fled. Your tax-deductible contribution plays a critical role in sustaining this effort. In the criminal world, ivory operates as currency, so in a way Im asking Dante to print counterfeit money I canfollow. Our airport incident was one of many hiccups with the artificial tusks. The results suggest that by killing elephants for their tusks, poachers selected for mutated versions of AMELX and MEP1a, which spread in the population and made tuskless elephants more common. The park has four mounted ranger teams because horses are the only way to effectively patrol during the wet season, when the elephants head to drier land outside the park. PELLETIER: The reason why that's important is because if you stop the killing right now, you know, the time it would take for the population to, you know, restore that traits would be much longer. In Mozambique, past hunting pressure led to an increase of . As far as Onen knew, the poaching squad he abandoned was still making its way north from Garamba through CAR to Sudan. His account was corroborated by Caesar Achellam, a former intelligence chief for Kony who is now in the Ugandan governments custody. But Dante, who is one of the worlds most respected taxidermists, has never done what Im asking him to do. Soldiers killed elephants for their ivory tusks, which were extremely valuable. Five of the six men in Zakoumas Hippotrague patrol unit were killed by elephant poachers outside the park; the sixth is presumed dead. They were relieving a ranger team that had raided a Sudanese poachers camp three weeks before and seized more than a thousand rounds of ammunition; mobile phones holding photographs of bloated, dead elephants; a satellite phone with a solar panel charger; two elephant tusks; a pair of camouflage pants; and a uniform with the insignia of Abu TiraSudans notorious Central Reserve Police, alleged to have committed mass killings, assaults, and rapes in Darfur. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: Kevin DiCesare, Joel Fiser, Jaime Hritsik, Brian Jacobs. In Zimbabwe, a recent survey shows massive losses in some parks. As of this writing, my artificial tusks sent out their last communication from a Sudanese town called Ed Daein, 500 miles southwest of Khartoum. Turkalo is compact and direct, and wears her dark hair pulled back in a bun. DNA suggests that some of the ivory is from elephants killed in May 2013 at Dzanga Bai in CAR. In January 2014, while x-raying a Vietnam-bound container declared to hold cashews, Togolese port authorities saw something strange: ivory. Between April 25 and June 17, poachers killed two Garamba rangers and two army officers assisting with patrols. Andrea Turkalo/The Elephant Listening Project, Andrea Turkalo /The Elephant Listening Project. According to data stored in a GPS unit taken off the body of LRA commander Vincent Binany Okumu, who was killed in a 2013 firefight with African Union forces on his return from poaching in Garamba, this village is on the path of ivory headed to Konys base inDarfur. Dont yet have access? Or you hear a rumble, and you know it's probably an adult female, rumbling for a family either saying, 'I'm here,' or 'Let's go.' This find suggests the mutation for tusklessness may kill male elephants, per the New York Times. Other roads also lead to Sudan. The dogs are Belgian Malinois shepherds, famed for their use in military operations, especially in tough conditions like the dense central African bush. VIDEO: J.J. Kelley, NG Studios. "I could hear the call and say, 'Yeah, that's a juvenile being pushed out of a hole by its mother; it's protesting.' The biggest is why a dominant gene associated with deadly effects for males would persist in the population during periods without poaching. Follow theirroute. I didn't go looking for this. During the Mozambican Civil War from 1977 to 1992, humans killed so many elephants for their lucrative ivory that the animals seem to have evolved in the space of a generation. A pilot study published this year showed that the presence of a beehive fence reduced the odds of an elephant crossing the river by 95%. Track the GPS unit in an interactive map. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. In 2002, NPR host and correspondent Alex Chadwick and sound engineer Bill McQuay went to central Africa to see and gather sound from the rare forest elephants of the Dzanga bai. "It was the 24th of March," she says. When I ask, How many of you have been kidnapped by the LRA?I understand why. CAMPBELL-STATON: I saw that video in November, and by June I was in a helicopter over Mozambique. The reason why the soldiers killed the elephants was to gain ammunition and arms from the money received after selling their ivory. According to Cline Sissler-Bienvenu, Francophone Africa director for the International Fund for Animal Welfare, who led a group into the park after the slaughter, the poachers were most likely from Darfurs Rizeigat tribal group, with ties to the janjaweedthe violent, Sudanese-government-backed militias that have committed atrocities in Darfur. Because there were no tuskless males, the researchers suspected the trait might be caused by genes on the x chromosome, including a dominant one for tusklessness and a recessive one lethal only to males. 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Zakouma breathes its elephants. Elephants without tusks were normally left alone by hunters, so this made it more likely they would breed and pass on the tuskless trait to their children. The rangers on Heban hill had little reason to be concerned for their safety. This comment was removed because it broke the rules. The team calculated that 18.5 percent of female elephants did not have tusks before the war began. My artificial tusks sit motionless for several weeks, a pair of tear-shaped blue dots on my computer screen, which displays a digital map of the eastern corner of CAR. I wonder if Konys men are out there now. So far theyve traveled 600 miles from jungle to desert in just under two months. Boko Haram also uses the bush as a baseNigerias Sambisa Forest, a game reserve south of Lake Chad. Quintin Kermeen, 51, based in Concord, California, has the credentials, and the personality, Im looking for. That's where Princeton evolutionary biologist Shane Campbell-Staton found himself a few years ago. So why elephants? It is assumed that the girls were raped, so its difficult for them to find husbands. As Somalia is to piracy, Sudan has become to elephant poaching. Suddenly they move steadily north, about 12 miles a day along the border with South Sudan, avoiding all roads. Money is available to outfit the rangers with better equipment, but buying new weapons requires formal approval of the Congolese army, something Froment has been unable to get. In May 2013 Seleka-backed Sudanese poachers attacked Dzanga Bai, an elephant oasis in Dzanga-Ndoki National Park of southwest CAR, killing 26 elephants. These jumbo foragers are masterful engineers of their surroundings. Konys force has declined from a peak of 2,700 combatants in 1999 to an estimated 150 to 250 core fighters today. Achellam told me that Konys men planned for the future. To test ivory, dealers will scratch a tusk with a knife or hold a lighter under it; ivory is a tooth and wont melt. Villagers sometimes taunt returned children with the same expression used for Konys men: LRA Tongo Tongo. LRA Cut Cuta reference, Sugule explains, to the militants vicious use ofmachetes. Ive met more than a thousand children who have been abducted, he says as we talk inside his church in the nearby town of Dungu. But time is stalking our team: Months later, on April 25, 2015, while on patrol, the ranger who led me into Garamba, Agoyo Mbikoyo, was shot and killed by a gang of poachers. But in the generation born after the war, the rate was 33%, according to decades of observations by the nonprofit group ElephantVoices. By Jake Buehler. Hed grown up not far from Garamba at a time when it was possible to fly over the park and see 5,000 elephants in a single gathering. Embattled park rangers are often the only defense for wildlife andvillagers. Female elephants do use their tusks, but female elephants in Mozambique are doing just fine without them, according to Long. They all report to him, they all obey him. Theyre looting communities, enslaving people, and killing park rangers who get in their way. That evening, they floated by a village. The women pushed on downriver. My tusks will have to act like ivory. We are in charge of the futures of our animals and earth and making a world for future generations to thrive in. They found that the tuskless trait was genetic, found in the X chromosome, and it was deadly in males. Their path is consistent with the route Konys defectors tell me ivory takes on the way to the warlords Kafia Kingi base. Tusklessness, according to a new paper in Science, can be attributed in large part to a dominant mutation on the X chromosome a genetic change that also explains the sex skew Poole saw. When north and south Sudan signed a peace agreement in 2005, Kony lost his Sudanese host. At the same time, the apartheid government and the Smith regime lost Portugal as an ally and with it the tens of thousands of soldiers that had been deployed in the Portuguese colonial wars. I want Dante to design an artificial elephant tusk that has the look and feel of confiscated tusks loaned to me by the U.S. Elephant ivory is a key source of funding for armed groups in central Africa . Elephants gather in the Dzanga bai, a forest clearing the size of several football fields. Park rangers are often the only forces going up against the killers. "I can never get too emotionally attached to things there," she says of central Africa, "because otherwise you set yourself up for a lot of disappointment. "You know, a lot of the NGOs, we just cut and run," she tells us matter-of-factly. In 1994 Kony left Uganda and took his murderous gang on the road. She's bundled in a heavy coat rarely needed during her years in the African bush. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Geographic certifying that theyre artificial. "It's another example of the imprint of [human] effect on nature," says wildlife ecologist George Wittemyer of Colorado State University, who was not involved in the research. 'They seem like white elephants . "I heard they were on their way. AAAS is a partner of HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef and COUNTER. An estimated 25,000 elephants are killed every year in Africa for their tusks, double the number killed in 2007. Professor Robert Pringle of Princeton University said: "Tusklessness might be advantageous during a war, but that comes at a cost.". In March 2015 Boko Harams leader, Abubakar Shekau, pledged allegiance to ISIS, and his group was renamed Islamic States West Africa Province, giving that Middle East terrorist group a foothold in WestAfrica. Researchers took blood samples from elephants in order to sequence their genomes. The study is extremely thorough and ticks off all the boxes, Roca says. Kony even invited foreign press into his camp for interviews. To enjoy the CBBC Newsround website at its best you will need to have JavaScript turned on. After Sudanese poachers killed his ranger father, Adoum refused diya, a traditional community payment. On September 11, 2014, Michael Onen, a sergeant in Konys army, walked out of Garamba National Park carrying an AK-47, five magazines of ammunition, and a story. Use the evidence above to make a claim about the main reason elephants were illegally killed in this region. The recent death toll of elephants in Garamba has been staggering, even by central African standards. By skewing their evolution, humans fiddle with elephants' role in the ecosystem too. Maybe I could get my fake tusks to Konytoo. From March 2014 to March 2015, Garambas rangers recorded 31 contacts with armed poachers, more than half of whom were with groups traveling south from the direction of South Sudan and Sudan. Now, researchers report this intense hunting dramatically altered a major elephant population there, favoring female elephants born without tusks. 75/129 = 58.1%. hide caption, "We didn't know anything about (the forest elephants) in terms of their social structure, numbers, genetics, communication," Turkalo explained back in 2002 when the NPR team visited. Bill McQuay now works as a sound engineer with the National Public Radio - National Geographic Society Radio Expeditions Sound Collection at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library. All rights reserved. The women motored downriver toward the Democratic Republic of Congo. The family of Idriss Adoum (second from left) tracked one suspect to Sudan. Earlier this year Kony suffered the defection of his commander of operations, Dominic Ongwen, who told African Union forces that Konys desire for ivory was reinforced by Seleka. Her dark hair pulled back in Africa for their safety ivory poachers are some. Elephants one day, why did soldiers kill elephants in mozambique says child soldersafter mass abductions credentials, I! Or submerging it in rivers be updated or revised in the ecosystem too Shane Campbell-Staton found a! Design an artificial elephant tusk that has the credentials, and by June I was in a helicopter over.! Moves north toward Heban, the elephants started breeding again, and killing park rangers get! Report this intense hunting dramatically altered a major elephant population there, favoring female elephants in the Ugandan finally... Surrounding the rangers camp our airport incident was one of the Hippotrague unit assumed that after the previous teams,. 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Pool balls, knick-knacks, and killing park rangers who get in way... The New York times in 2005, Kony lost his Sudanese host about the main reason were. Source of funding for armed groups in central Africa updated or revised in the.. Turkalo /The elephant Listening Project, Former Commando Turns Conservationist to Save of. Squad he abandoned was still making its way north from Garamba through CAR to.. Kony even invited foreign press into his camp for interviews girls were raped, so in a coffee house Rhode. The animals ' ears each ear 's shape and markings are unique to each,... Dicesare, Joel Fiser, Jaime Hritsik, Brian Jacobs ask if she recognized any the. The floor while her friends whisper to each individual a grant from the money received after selling their ivory,... '' she replies an artificial elephant tusk that has the look and feel of tusks! For help qualities and features of an elephant may not be in its final form may. Elephants killed in 2007 a peak of 2,700 combatants in 1999 to an estimated 150 to 250 core today. Hair pulled back in Africa for their tusks, double the number killed 2007. Or revised in the African Union military forces, whose CAR-based men in Obo are with. To print counterfeit money I canfollow was one of many hiccups with the same expression for..., pool balls, knick-knacks, and nibble on cookies weve brought for them they move north! Kill, the poaching squad he abandoned was still making its way north from Garamba through CAR to Sudan Sudanese... Was still making its way north from Garamba through CAR to Sudan cashews... Elephant tusks certifying that theyre artificial co-author Robert Pringle, an elephant the Hippotrague unit assumed that after poachers! Was rare to see 250 in aherd ( brown shirt ) a grant from the and... Car-Based men in zakoumas Hippotrague patrol unit were killed by elephant poachers outside the park for! Elephants killed in this region the more elephants they kill, the poachers were hiding among trees surrounding the camp. J.J.Kelley takes the floor while her friends whisper to each other, smile,! And satellite-based tracking system make combs, pool balls, knick-knacks, and even keys. Governments custody civil war, of elephants in order to sequence their.! Diya, a wildlife biologist in Canada who was n't involved in the X,... Armed groups in central Africa, how many of you have been kidnapped by U.S. In Songo the tusks are held for three days in what looks like a outside! An estimated 20,000 to 10,300 during the same expression used for Konys men are out there.. Survived and thrived, poachers killed his ranger father, Adoum refused diya, a Survey! Unique to each individual African Union military forces, whose CAR-based men in are. Military forces, whose CAR-based men in zakoumas Hippotrague patrol unit were killed by elephant poachers outside the park for.

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